Jeff
Michael Fischbach, ABFE
Board
Certified Forensic Examiner ● Certified
Fraud Examiner ● Technology Advisor
● Expert Witness
SecondWave
Information Systems
www.SecondWave.com
● 818-773-0400 x34
● jeff@secondwave.com
9909
Topanga Canyon, Suite 205, Chatsworth, California
91311
Abstract
Jeff Michael Fischbach is
founder and President of SecondWave Information
Systems, a technology consulting firm specializing
in information systems and technology integration.
Since 1994, he has served as a technology
advisor to numerous professional organizations
and corporations. Mr. Fischbach has been engaged
as a litigation consultant and Forensic Examiner,
offering expert advice and oversight on matters
involving computers, information systems,
satellite and communications technologies.
He has advised law enforcement, foreign government
representatives, judges, lawyers and the press.
In addition to his work at SecondWave, Mr.
Fischbach currently serves on several professional
boards in advisory positions.
Professional
Experience
Overview
>>>>
-
More than 17 years of hands-on professional
technology experience.
-
Expert-level knowledge of Windows, MacOS,
Unix and Linux operating systems.
-
Proficient
in Encase report analysis, FTK (Forensic
Toolkit), DTSearch, and others.
-
Court-qualified computer, Internet and
satellite expert.1
-
A proven commitment to community welfare
through pro-bono engagements and charitable
service.2
-
Seasoned advisor, lecturer and contributor
to trade press.
Employment
>>>>
SecondWave Information Systems—Founder
(1994-Present)
Chatsworth,
CA
-
Technology
consulting and guidance to public and
private corporations, legal, accounting
and investment firms, startups, non-profits,
government agencies and law enforcement.
-
Business services
include objective Internet and office
technology advice, cost-analysis, ROI,
hosting and e-commerce consulting, as
well as oversight and review of network
and Internet architecture and contractors.
-
Litigation consulting
services include fraud evaluation, forensic
electronic-evidence analysis, and expert
testimony.
Prime Time Video—Co-founder (1986-1993)
West Hills, CA
-
Interactive media installations for conferences,
presentations, and seminars.
-
Multimedia development, duplication and
distribution.
-
Clientèle included Pacific Bell,
Los Angeles Unified School District, and
Delson Financial, Inc.
Advisory
and Consulting >>>>
Association of California State Attorneys
& Administrative Law Judges (1997-1999)
J Street,
Suite 480, Sacramento, CA 95814
Steven B.
Bassoff 916-448-7317
Litigation
consulting, discovery analysis, forensic investigation,
expert witness testimony for union defense
counsel.
Baker & Hostetler, LLP (1997-2000)
303
East 17th Ave., Suite 1100, Denver, CO 80203-1264
Jeanne Carroll
303-764-4027
Litigation
consulting, forensic investigation.
Barbara Harvey Attorney At Law (2000-2001)
645
Griswald, Suite 1800, Detroit, MI 48226
Barbara
Harvey bmharvey@aol.com 313-963-3570
Pro-bono litigation
consulting, discovery analysis, forensic investigation,
media liaison, declaration, court brief, report
generation. for union defense counsel.
Computer Business Works, Inc. (2002-Present)
20450 Plummer
St., Chatsworth, CA 91311
Jeff Kalvin
jeffk@kalvins.com 818-407-6760
Russ
Kalvin ussk@kalvins.com 818-407-6761
Ed
Pearlman edp@kalvins.com 818-407-6762
Baltasar
Rosales baltasarr@kalvins.com 818-407-6765
Technology
law and statute analysis, hi-tech communication
policy consulting, IT staff consultant, IT
hiring, project development and oversight,
competitive analysis.
County of San Diego Department of the
Alternate Public Defender (2001-Present)
410
South Melrose Ave., Suite 200, Vista, CA 92083-6623
Barton
C. Sheela BSheelaP@co.san-diego.ca.us 760-940-6453
Jeff Martin
760-940-6452
Litigation
consulting, discovery analysis, report generation,
plea analysis.
Federal Public Defender, Central District
of California (2000-2001)
321
East Second St., 9th Floor, Los Angeles, CA
90012
Humberto
Diaz humberto_diaz@fd.org 213-894-2854
Litigation
consulting, jury profiling, discovery analysis,
forensic investigation, expert witness testimony.
Godwin & Carlton (1998)
901
Main Street, Suite 2500, Dallas TX 75202-3727
Chad
A. Cox 214-939-4400
On-line fraud investigation.
Grobstein Horwath and Company (1994-1997)
15233
Ventura Blvd., Ninth Floor, Sherman Oaks,
CA 91403-2201
Howard Grobstein
818-501-5200
Technology
consulting, trend identification, project
development.
Interactive Telecom Network, Inc. (2000-2001)
15233
Ventura Bl., Suite 600, Sherman Oaks, CA 91403
Kit
Winter kwinter@itninc.net 818-501-4486
Litigation consulting, communications
and retention policy development.
Judith Rochlin Attorney At Law (2001-2002)
10801
National Blvd., #605, Los Angeles, CA 90064
Judith Rochlin
310-474-3181
Litigation
consulting, discovery analysis, forensic investigation.
Katz, Hoyt, Seigel & Kapor (1997)
11111
Santa Monica, Los
Angeles, CA 90025
Russell
Allyn rallyn@khsk.com 310-473-1300
Litigation
consulting, on-line investigation, FBI and
media liaison.
K&S Incorporated (2002-Present)
4905 Southridge
Blvd. #15, Memphis, TN 38115
Patrick
Almalem 818-794-2988
Systems architecture and
integration, VPN implementation, project development
and oversight.
Law Office of Andrew B. Kaplan (2001-Present)
3363
Aveley Pl., San Diego, Ca 92111
Andrew
B. Kaplan kaplanesq@aol.com
619-232-1991
Litigation consulting, electronic
evidence procurement, forensic analysis, report
generation.
Law Offices of Engel & Engel (2001)
9200
Sunset Bl., Suite 505, Los Angeles, CA 90069-3507
Mark D.
Passin 310-550-7178
Litigation
consulting, electronic evidence procurement,
forensic analysis, report generation.
LGL Law, Inc. (2003-Present)
8300
Utica Avenue - 3rd floor, Rancho Cucamonga,
CA 91730
Lisa G.
Lewis nylgl@hotmail.com 909-635-2018
Litigation
consulting, discovery analysis, forensic investigation.
Los Angeles County Public Defender (2003)
415
W. Ocean Bl., Suite 600, Long Beach, CA 90802
Alan
Nakasone 562-491-6392
Electronic evidence procurement
and forensic analysis.
Megan Gray, Attorney at Law (1997-Present)
1718 Connecticut
Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009
Megan
Gray mg@megangray.com
202-265-2738
Litigation
consulting and forensic analysis.
Orange County Public Defender (2002-Present)
14 Civic
Center Plaza, Santa Ana, CA 92701-4029
Denise
Gragg 714-834-2393
Lisa
Kopelman 714-834-5369
Tracy
Mitchell 714-834-5300
Sharon
Petrosino 714-834-5941
Philip
Zalewski 714-834-4447
Litigation
consulting, discovery analysis, forensic investigation,
expert witness testimony, report generation.
Public Citizen Litigation Group (2000-2001)
1600
- 20th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009
Paul
Levy plevy@citizen.org 202-588-1000
Pro-bono litigation
consulting, discovery analysis, forensic investigation,
media liaison, declaration, court brief, report
generation.
Royal Danish Consulate General (1999)
12444
Ventura Blvd., Suite 204, Studio City, CA
91604
Niels
Petersen 818-766-0003
Pro-bono advisory and consultation.
Smith Jones & Fawer, LLP (2000)
201
St. Charles Ave., New Orleans, LA 70170
Spiro
Verras 504-525-2200
Litigation consulting and
strategic analysis in Microsoft class action
suit.
Superior Auto Extras (1998-Present)
12601 Encinitas
Ave., Sylmar, CA 92604
Gene
Student gene@superiorautoextras.com 818-362-5554
Systems architecture and
integration, VPN implementation, project development
and oversight.
The L.A. Office (2001)
8981
Sunset Blvd. Ste 501, Los Angeles, CA 90069
Mitch
Litvak mitch.litvak@laoffice.com 310-275-2088
Litigation
consulting, discovery analysis, forensic investigation.
W. Michael Mayock Attorney At Law (2001-Present)
35 South
Raymond Ave., Pasadena, CA 91105
W. Michael
Mayock 626-405-1465
Litigation
consulting, discovery analysis, forensic investigation,
expert witness testimony.
Case
Summaries >>>>
People v. Michael Cude (2003)
3CR02658
Los Angeles County Superior Court
W.
Michael Mayock Attorney at Law 35 S. Raymond
Ave., Suite 400, Pasadena, CA 91105-1931
W.
Michael Mayock mayock@earthlink.net 626-405-1465
A paid employee of the Union Pacific Railroad
Union, Michael Cude checked his email at the
end of his “graveyard” shift and
downloaded a message that set off a life-altering
chain reaction. Upon opening the clandestine
message the screen of the Union's workstation
would fill with “pop-up” solicitations
for web sites featuring images determined
by the Los Angeles Police Department to be
child pornography under P311.11(a). Later
that morning, the Cude's supervisor would
discover evidence of the pop-up's in the workstation's
browser history and file a police report.
Examination of discovery provided by the LAPD
revealed a timeline consistent with the defendant's
recollection of events. Further analysis unearthed
inconstancies between the LAPD's Media Exam
Report and that of the primary Detective.
These findings were articulated in a formal
Declaration by this examiner and forwarded
to both defense and prosecution attorneys.
The case was settled favorably for the defendant
within hours of the first hearing.
People v. Christopher Hearn (2003)
01SF0494
Orange County Superior Court (Judge Kazuharu
Makino)
Orange
County Public Defender 14 Civic Center Plaza,
Santa Ana, CA 92701-4029
Lisa
A. Kopelman, Deputy Public Defender 714-834-5369
Twenty-two-year-old deaf
man confessed through a police sign-language
interpreter to the killing of a 17-year-old
neighbor. Entering a not-guilty plea by reason
of insanity, the defendant faced life in prison
without the possibility of parole, if convicted.
Aided by files recovered from the defendant’s
computer hard drive, prosecutors sought to
demonstrate that the murder was a pre-meditated
hate crime. Examination of electronic discovery
on behalf of the defense confirmed that nearly
one-third of the DA’s evidence was generated
just hours after the defendant was
incarcerated. Further examination established
that the remaining electronic discovery was
the product of “pop-up” advertisements
resulting from only one visit to each of two
unique web site addresses over a period of
3 years. Analysis of Encase documents produced
by the DA led to the conclusion that the prosecution
was searching for evidence that the defendant
had researched the “insanity plea”
prior to committing the murder. However, a
forensic hard drive search on behalf of the
defense found that the numerous instances
of “5150” (insanity plea) merely
referred to lines of cryptic computer code
on the defendant's hard drive. Similar benign
discoveries were made when searching for other
keywords found in the police Encase report.
On the stand, the only officer on-scene during
the times stamped on the post-incarceration
files, admitted to procedural errors in handling
the evidence. On September 25, 2003, the defendant
was found to have been insane at the time
of the attack and will likely be committed
to a mental hospital.
People v. Andy Gladfelter (2003)
02CF3428
Orange County Superior Court
Orange
County Public Defender 14 Civic Center Plaza,
Santa Ana, CA 92701-4029
Philip
L. Zalewski, Deputy Public Defender 714-834-4447
Defendant was charged with
producing sexually explicit digital photographs
that allegedly depicted images of a minor
related to the defendant. Defense counsel
requested an examination of the discovery
to determine if there was clear evidence that
the defendant had indeed produced the images
as opposed to acquiring them through the Internet.
People v. Vincent Cheung (2003)
00HF0167
Orange County Superior Court
Orange
County Public Defender 14 Civic Center Plaza,
Santa Ana, CA 92701-4029
Sharon
Petrosino, Deputy Public Defender 714-834-5941
The purpose of this engagement
was to produce a report assessing the credibility
of using printed email documents as an alibi
in a murder case. The documents were purported
to prove the whereabouts of a possible alternative-suspect
at the time of a murder, but the authenticity
of the date-stamp was not verifiable beyond
the printed paper, nor were the police able
to verify the identity or existence of the
recipient.
California v. Jaime Montoya (2003-Present)
FV1013913
CA Superior, San Bernardino County
Lisa
G. Lewis Attorney-at-Law 8300 Utica Ave. -
3rd floor, Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730
Lisa
G. Lewis nylgl@hotmail.com
909-635-2018
Client charged with (288)
child molestation, sexual exploitation of
child, and possession of child pornography.
Defense counsel requested an examination of
the discovery materials and a forensic clone
of the defendant's hard drive to determine
to what degree the images could be attributed
to the defendant and to assess any clear intentions
on the part of the defendant to accumulated
and possess the evidence.
People v. Dennis Godley (2003-Present)
00SF0848
Orange County Superior Court
Orange
County Public Defender 14 Civic Center Plaza,
Santa Ana, CA 92701-4029
Denise
Gragg, Deputy Public Defender 714-834-2393
Defendant charged with killing
girlfriend’s lover/doctor and the doctor’s
wife on Ortega Hwy. (Death penalty case.)
People v. Manuel Jaimes (2003)
NA054713
Orange County Superior Court
Los
Angeles County Public Defender 415 West Ocean
Blvd. Suite 600, Long Beach, CA 90802
Alan
I. Nakasone, Deputy Public Defender 562-491-6392
Defense requested analysis
of a privately-owned digital surveillance
system with an obvious vantage point of a
crime. The surveillance utilized an Intel/Windows
platform with a RAID configured hard drive
array. A full-sector clone was made through
a host USB port and analyzed for image fragments.
Because several months had passed and the
system was configured to continuously rewrite
at a 100%-full state, the images had been
overwritten several times before the examination.
People v. Alejandro Avila (2002-Present)
02CF1862
Orange County Superior Court
Orange
County Public Defender 14 Civic Center Plaza,
Santa Ana, CA 92701-4029
Denise
Gragg, Deputy
Public Defender 714-834-2393
Defendant charged with killing
Samantha Runnion. (Death penalty case.)
United States v. Thomas Salinas (2002)
CR-01-1029-001
Judith
Rochlin Attorney at Law National Blvd., #605,
Los Angeles, CA 90064
Judith
Rochlin 310-474-3181
Defendant was charged with
storing illicit materials on a workplace computer.
The object of this engagement was to assess
the viability of the defendant's claim that
coworkers had access to his computer and that
he was out of the office at the time that
the materials were saved to his hard drive.
People v. Dana Headlund (2001)
SCN102328
County
of San Diego Dept. Alternate Public Defender
410 South Melrose Ave., Suite 200, Vista,
CA 92083
Barton
C. Sheela, Deputy Alternate Public Defender
BSheelaP@co.san-diego.ca.us 760-940-6453
Jeffrey
R. Martin, Deputy
Alternate Public Defender 760-940-6452
Defendant was arrested by
California Highway Patrol for driving under
the influence. A laptop in the defendant’s
vehicle was subsequently searched and found
to contain pornographic images of questionable
legality. While the defendant was in custody
the laptop was searched by several other officers
prior to a forensic search by a qualified
technician. The defendant claimed that the
images were copied to his hard drive via serial-cable-transfer
while performing a hard drive upgrade for
another computer owner. The file properties
were consistent with a serial-cable-transfer.
More significantly, the only “access
dates” appearing on any of the images
were stamped with times corresponding to searches
by field officers and supervisors—during
which time the defendant was in custody. All
other images lacked “access dates”
demonstrating that it was likely they had
never been viewed by the defendant. In light
of the implication of tampering and clear
demonstration of reasonable doubt, all charges
were dropped and the defendant was released
with time-served.
Rutland Tool & Supply v. Allan R.
Emas (2001)
Law
Office of Andrew B. Kaplan 3363 Aveley Pl.,
San Diego, Ca 92111
Andrew
B. Kaplan, Esq. kaplanesq@aol.com
619-232-1991
The objective of this engagement
was to collect forensic evidence demonstrating
the intent and purpose of the web site AirgasDirect.com,
a functional domain name registered to Allan
R. Emas, La Habra, CA. The client asserted
that the AirgasDirect.com web site may have
been developed and hosted with the intent
to misguide and/or deceive customers intending
to visit competing web sites owned by trademark
holder AirGas, Inc. (AirGas.com), Radnor,
PA, and Rutland Tool and Supply Co. Inc. (RutlandTool.com),
City of Industry, CA. A report was generated
to this effect, and the case was settled with
the stipulation that the AirgasDirect.com
domain name be remanded to Rutland Tool &
Supply.
LeftBank v. Silveria (2001)
CL#11-54452
Law
Offices of Engel & Engel 9200 Sunset Bl.,
Suite 505, Los Angeles, CA 90069-3507
Mark
D. Passin 310-550-7178
Client sued for domain name
infringement and breach of contract. Client
contended that a plaintiff-produced facsimile
of a contract was a forgery. Redundant tests
transmitting the suspect document compared
against long distance telephone records demonstrated
that the document was too large to have been
transmitted in the recorded time. Case was
ultimately dropped.
United States v. Ron Ovadia (2001)
CR 00-824-RMT
United States Federal Courthouse, Los Angeles,
CA
Federal
Public Defender, Central District of California
321 E. Second St., 9th Floor, Los Angeles,
CA 90012
Humberto
Diaz, Deputy Federal Public Defender humberto_diaz@fd.org
213-894-2854
W.
Michael Mayock Attorney at Law 35 S. Raymond
Ave., Suite 400, Pasadena, CA 91105-1931
W.
Michael Mayock mayock@earthlink.net 626-405-1465
Defendant was arrested for
theft of DirecTV satellite signals. The examiner's
tests found that the seized satellite decryption
cards were in a state that allowed for only
brief viewing of copyrighted programming before
rendering themselves unusable. Defendant claimed
that this was a design feature for the purposes
of testing satellite equipment installations.
Northwest Airlines v. Teamsters Local
2000, et al. (2000)
Civ.
No. 00-08, D. Minn.
Public
Citizen Litigation Group 1600 20th St., NW,
Washington, D.C. 20009-1001
Paul
Levy plevy@citizen.org
313-963-3572
Barbara
Harvey Attorney at Law 645 Griswald, Suite
1800, Detroit, MI 48226
Barbara
Harvey bmharvey@aol.com 313-963-3570
Plaintiff’s accounting
firm, Ernst and Young, was granted by a Minnesota
magistrate judge a search of personal hard
drives belonging to the union, and its member-flight
attendants.3
The purpose of the search was to investigate
private correspondence leading to the identity
of the instigator(s) of an alleged “sickout”.
Counsel sought expertise from someone with
prior experience in electronic discovery cases.
In light of overreaching civil rights and
privacy implications, services were provided
“pro bono”. Counsel was advised
as to the procedures for properly documenting
an invasive electronic discovery search and
seizure, and was further advised to seek mass
media attention. In the subsequent weeks much
time was spent articulating the issues to
various media organizations, assisting the
co-counsel with arguments and providing an
affidavit supporting an appeal of the court
order. Ultimately, the order was overturned—but
not before two hard drives had been duplicated
and shared with the Plaintiff.
California Department of Toxic Substances
Control v. Donald L. Cox (1999)
State
Personnel Board Adverse Action
Assoc.
of CA State Attorneys & Administrative
Law Judges J Street, Suite 480, Sacramento,
CA 95814
Steven
B. Bassoff 916-448-7317
Client was accused of “Misuse
of State Property and Funds”, and thusly
terminated. Although it was impossible to
disprove the state’s claim that the
accused had used his work computer for personal
business, it was possible to mitigate the
claims by demonstrating that, to a significant
extent, he had used his home PC to accelerate
his state work.
Bonita S. Dunbar v. Joseph S. Podolski
& Zonagen, Inc. (1998)
CN#96-06-02216-CV
284th District Court of Montgomery County,
Texas
Godwin
& Carlton 901 Main Street, Suite 2500,
Dallas TX 75202-3727
Chad
A. Cox 214-939-4400
Client was the victim of
a “short-sell” scam, whereby an
individual used the Internet to post rumors
about a stock in order to manipulate its value.
Recovered Internet log files and transcripts
lead to a likely suspect. Further dialog with
the suspect, under a pseudonym, provided additional
evidence—including geographical data—used
to strengthen the client’s case.
State of CA Department of Insurance
v. Timothy E. Morgan (1997-1998)
State
Personnel Board Administrative Action Hearing
Office, Room 264, P.O. Box 944201, Sacramento,
CA 94244
Assoc.
of CA State Attys. & Administrative Law
Judges 660 J Street, Suite 480, Sacramento,
CA 95814
Steven
B. Bassoff 916-448-7317
Client was accused of using
state computer equipment in order to access
adult and child pornography. The accused insisted
that he had never used his state-assigned
computer equipment in such a fashion, and
had never seen any illicit materials on his
laptop. A copy of the hard drive was investigated
as well as all state-produced materials. It
was determined, and demonstrated to the judge
that the evidence had no clear chain-of-custody
and had been left on a publicly accessible
server, prior to the administrative action.
Furthermore, using toll-free telephone records,
it was demonstrated that the material could
not have been downloaded by the accused. After
a one-day hearing, the state offered a favorable
settlement. The accused was reinstated, his
record was expunged, and he received a monetary
settlement.
Katz, Hoyt, Siegel & Kapor (1997)
Katz,
Hoyt, Siegel & Kapor 11111 Santa Monica,
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Russell
L. Allyn rallyn@khsk.com 310-473-1300
Client was the victim of
an on-line hoax, identity theft, and extortion
attempt—the result of which was a massive
backlash by hundreds-of-thousands of angry
email recipients. The fraudulent email campaign
resulted in the termination of the firm’s
email accounts, overloaded telephone and fax
services, near-suspension of an associate’s
Bar license, and an overall inability to conduct
business. Services for the client included
negotiation with the firm’s ISP (AOL),
installation of an automated response system
on the ISP’s network, a thorough investigation
of the firm’s email to gather evidence
leading to the source of the fraudulent email—and,
ultimately, consultation with the federal
authorities on the client’s behalf.
Board
Positions >>>>
Viper Capital Advisors (2000-2001)
One
Sansome St., Suite 2000, San Francisco, CA
94104
Edward
Ehee 415-951-4794
Board of advisors: Charged
with the duty of assessing the viability of
nascent technologies on behalf of myriad investors.
Pulse Industries, Inc. (2000-Present)
400
S. Victory Bl. Suite 306, Burbank, CA 91502
Douglas
Walker 818-238-0358
Board
of advisors: Technology advisor to the president
and board of directors on issues including
market trends, competitive analysis, design
and materials.
Memberships/Affiliations
American College of Forensic Examiners
(ACFEi.com)
2750
East Sunshine, Springfield, MO 65804 417-881-3818
The American College of Forensic
Examiners International (ACFEI) is an independent,
scientific and professional society. Multi-disciplinary
in its scope, the society actively promotes
the dissemination of forensic information.
The association's purpose is the continued
advancement of forensic examination and consultation
across the many professional fields of its
membership.
Association of Certified Fraud Examiners
(CFEnet.com)
716
West Avenue, Austin, TX 78701-2727 800-245-3321
The Association of Certified
Fraud Examiners, established in 1988, is based
in Austin, Texas. The 28,000-member professional
organization is dedicated to educating in
fighting fraud. Each member of the ACFE designated
a Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE) has earned
certification after a rigorous qualification
process.
Better Business Bureau (BBBSouthland.org)
315
North La Cadena Drive, Colton, CA 92324 909-825-7280
SecondWave Information Systems
is a dedicated member of the Better Business
Bureau, and proudly maintains a clear BBB
Reliability Report, free of customer complaints.
Chatsworth/Porter Ranch Chamber of Commerce
(ChatsworthChamber.com)
10038
Old Depot Plaza Road, Chatsworth, CA 91311
818-341-2428
SecondWave Information Systems
is an active member of the Chamber of Commerce
in good standing, and an active participant
in activities dedicated to benefiting and
enhancing the community.
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF.org)
454
Shotwell Street, San Francisco, CA 94110 415-436-9333
EFF is a donor-supported
membership organization working to protect
fundamental rights, regardless of technology;
to educate the press, policymakers and the
general public about civil liberties issues
related to technology; and to act as a defender
of those liberties.
Information Systems Security Association
(ISSA.org)
7044
S. 13th Street, Oak Creek, WI 53154 414-768-8000
The Information Systems Security
Association (ISSA)® is a not-for-profit,
international organization of information
security professionals and practitioners.
It provides educational forums, publications
and peer interaction opportunities that enhance
the knowledge, skill and professional growth
of its members. The primary goal of the ISSA
is to promote management practices that will
ensure the confidentiality, integrity and
availability of information resources.
